Brown Hyena

Brown Hyena is the rarest hyena species found only in some countries of southern Africa. These hyenas are distinguished from other hyenas by their shaggy appearance. This species of mammals is considered to be near threatened species by the IUCN.

Description

This hyena species has an extreme shaggy appearance with long furs covering their body.

Picture 1 – Brown Hyena

Length: These mammals can grow from 86 to 150 cm (34 and 59 inches) in length. However, their average length ranges from 110 cm to 125 cm (43 to 49 inches). Length of their tails vary between 25 and 35 cm (9.8 to 14 inches). The males of this species are sometimes slightly larger than the females.

Height: Their shoulder height ranges between 71 cm and 88 cm (28 and 35 inches).

Weight: Adult males of this hyena species weigh between 89 and 96 lb (40.2 and 43.7 kg) while the weight of the females range from 83 lb to 89 lb (37.7 kg to 40.2 kg). Specimens weighing above 150 lb are also found occasionally.

Color: The general color of their fur is dark brown. These mammals have a grey head along with tawny upper body. Their grey legs have dark horizontal stripes.

Body: The entire back and neck of these mammals are covered with long fur, approximately 12 inches (305 mm) long. The fur coat appears particularly shaggy around their back and tail.

Head: Brown Hyenas have larger sculls than those of striped hyenas.

Teeth: They have strong jaws and teeth. Young animals of this species are able to break the leg-bones of a springbok gazelle within 5 minutes of their birth. However, the strength of their jaw gradually deteriorates as their teeth become weak with age.

Distribution

These hyenas are mainly found in several countries in the southern and southeastern regions of Africa such as Namibia, western and southern parts of Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana and southern Mozambique.

Habitat

The hyenas of this species live in arid savannahs, scrublands, grasslands and semi-desert areas of southern Africa. They have a home range of around 90 to 180 sq miles (233 to 466 sq km).

Picture 2 – Baby Brown Hyena

Diet

These mammals are generally scavengers in nature feeding on carcasses killed by much larger predators. Sometimes they supplement their diet with small mammals, rodents, insects and fruits. They are known for often appropriating the kills of cheetahs, leopards and black-backed jackals.

Behavior

The general behavior patterns of these mammals are quite similar to other hyena species:

• This hyena species is nocturnal being active during night.
• They are social animals living in clans of 5 to 15 members.
• They often chase leopards at kill, with their jaws wide open and force them to take refuge on trees. This way a Brown Hyena takes possession of the prey killed by the leopard.
• This hyena species maintains social hierarchy like wolves with one alpha male and one alpha female.
• Hierarchy of each clan is maintained by various ritualized forms of aggressions and mock fights.
• Brown Hyenas usually forage alone during night. However, they may create small groups for hunting if necessary.
• These animals are territorial in nature. They mark their territory with anal gland secretion.
• They are known to cover very large distances in their search for food.
• The fur around the neck of the males of this species stands upright in defensive and aggressive situations.

Predators

There are very few animals that prey on this species. Lions are known to feed on these hyenas. Spotted hyenas occasionally prey on Brown Hyena cubs. African wild dogs are another enemy species of these mammals.

Picture 3 – Brown Hyena Image

Adaptations

Their adaptive features and characteristics help them survive in their natural habitat:

• The carniodental adaptive features of these mammals help them crack the bones of much larger animals to feed on the marrow.
• Their jaws help them in seizing the killings of other stronger predators.
• They have strong tongues helping them to lick barks off the trees in order to feed on ants.
• These hyenas have well developed hearing and smelling power that enable them to detect carcasses from great distances.
• They are fast runners, being able to run at a speed of 50 km an hour.

Mating Season

This hyena species do not have any mating season. They can reproduce throughout the year.

Reproduction

These mammals become reproductively mature when they are 2 to 3 years old.Females are known to mate with dominant males of their own clan or other nomadic males. Their gestation period lasts for around 97 days. Females give birth to 1 to 5 young hyenas in dens located in remote sand dunes away from the territories of lions and spotted hyenas. The cubs weigh around 2.2 lbs (1 kg) at the time of birth. Females generally reproduce once every 20 months.

Usually only the most dominant female of a clan reproduces. However, if two females in a single clan reproduce at the same time, the mothers take care of each other’s cubs, although favoring their own. The male Brown Hyenas in a clan help the females to raise their cubs.

Picture 4 – Brown Hyena Eating

Life Cycle

The cubs start eating solid foods once they reach 3 months of age. Around this time the mother hyena moves them to their communal dens. The mothers as well as other members of the clan bring food for the cubs living in the communal dens.

The hyenas of this species are born with their eyes closed, which opens around 8 days after their birth.The young hyenas leave their dens after they are fully weaned at 14 to 15 months of age.

Lifespan

These mammals have a lifespan of about 12 to 15 years in the wild. They are known to live up to 20 years in captivity.

Interesting Facts

Here are some interesting facts about this amazing hyena species:

• These animals do not make the laughing sound made by some other hyena species.
• They are often the dominant carnivorous mammals in the Kalahari Desert due to the scarcity of other stronger species.
• These carnivorous mammals are not efficient hunters. Due to this reason they only attack small mammals like springbok lamb, springhare and bat-eared fox.
• Out of 128 hunting attempts by Brown Hyenas, documented during a study in Kalahari, only 6 were successful.
• They can attack humans if threatened or cornered.
• Females of this species mate only with the dominant males, while mating within their own clans.

Are Brown Hyenas Endangered?

This species is included in the “Near Threatened” category by the IUCN as the global population of adult Brown Hyenas has gone below 10,000. Overhunting and loss of habitat are two main reasons behind this decline in their numbers. These animals are under continual danger of becoming a threatened species. Due to these facts, various wildlife conservation societies are providing these animals with legal protections.

Pictures

Here are some images of these amazing animals.

Picture 5 – Brown Hyena Picture

Picture 6 – Brown Hyena Photo